{"id":2829,"date":"2026-01-03T23:04:23","date_gmt":"2026-01-03T20:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/?p=2829"},"modified":"2026-01-04T01:20:39","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T22:20:39","slug":"silahli-gucle-yaptirim-uygulanamaz-savasla-hukuk-kurulamaz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/silahli-gucle-yaptirim-uygulanamaz-savasla-hukuk-kurulamaz\/","title":{"rendered":"Silahl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7le Yapt\u0131r\u0131m Uygulanamaz, Sava\u015fla Hukuk Kurulamaz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Yery\u00fcz\u00fc Avukatlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan ABD\u2019nin Venezuela\u2019ya Y\u00f6nelik Sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Maduro\u2019nun Ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kamuoyu A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi, Venezuela topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ve Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6revdeki Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, nakledilmesi ve ABD g\u00f6zetiminde itham edilmesiyle vuku bulan son askeri sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r bir ihlalini te\u015fkil etmektedir. Venezuela topraklar\u0131na ve halk\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen bu do\u011frudan \u015fiddetin \u00f6tesinde, s\u00f6z konusu hadise m\u00fcnferit de\u011fil sistemik bir ba\u011flamda okunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Olay, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun tesisi, tatbiki ve icras\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren yap\u0131sal asimetrileri ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik bakiyesinin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131&nbsp; if\u015fa etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mevzubahis sald\u0131r\u0131, kademeli olarak artan cebr\u00ee eylem s\u00fcrecinin zirve noktas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcre\u00e7; ABD\u2019nin Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Venezuela petrol sevkiyat\u0131na y\u00f6nelik fiili bir abluka ilan etmesini, gemilerin \u00f6nlenerek bombalanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Karayipler\u2019de ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir ABD deniz ve hava g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva etmektedir. ABD\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 sularda uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla \u015f\u00fcpheli g\u00f6r\u00fclen gemilere y\u00f6nelik y\u00fcr\u00fcterek ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f herhangi bir silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk nezdinde hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve yarg\u0131s\u0131z infaz olarak geni\u015f \u00e7apta ele\u015ftirilen e\u015f zamanl\u0131 bombalama kampanyas\u0131yla daha vahim bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k durumu, tek tarafl\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n askeri vas\u0131talarla icra edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hangi terminoloji kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa kullan\u0131ls\u0131n, silahl\u0131 bir abluka, klasik bir sava\u015f eylemidir. Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu tedbirler, Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ekonomik egemenli\u011fini boyunduruk alt\u0131na almay\u0131 hedefleyen bir uluslararas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 (<em>aggression<\/em>) \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk nazar\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ihlaller \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve m\u00fcteselsildir. Venezuela topraklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u015eart\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 team\u00fcl hukukunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihlal etmektedir. Bu durum ayn\u0131 zamanda, devletlerin egemen e\u015fitli\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan \u015eart\u2019\u0131n 2. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131 da ihlal etmektedir. G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir toprakta askeri y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (<em>extraterritorial abduction<\/em>), egemen e\u015fitlik ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmamaktad\u0131r. Geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir bombalama kampanyas\u0131 ve bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda zorla ele ge\u00e7irilmesi, Madde 51 ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek hi\u00e7bir makul me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa iddias\u0131 hukuken savunulamaz. Benzer \u015fekilde, uluslararas\u0131 bir askeri harekata dayanak olarak i\u00e7 anayasal yetkilerin, y\u00fcr\u00fctme erkinin veya ulusal cezai yarg\u0131 yetkisinin ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de hukuken kabul edilemez. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk, i\u00e7 ceza hukukunun yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclke topra\u011f\u0131nda silahl\u0131 kuvvet yoluyla tek tarafl\u0131 olarak icra edilmesine ya da ulusal yarg\u0131 yetkisinin BM \u015eart\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesine meydan okuyacak \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00f6tesine zorla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na cevaz vermez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu hukuki kopu\u015f, Ba\u015fkan Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n ABD\u2019nin siyasi bir ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci ayarlanana kadar Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 &#8220;y\u00f6netece\u011fini&#8221; alenen beyan etmesiyle sarih hale gelmi\u015ftir. Bu beyan, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta herhangi bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir idare ve kontrol iddias\u0131nda bulunmak demektir. B\u00f6ylesi bir deklarasyon; vesayet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir ihlalini te\u015fkil eder, BM \u015eart\u0131\u2019na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r ve egemenli\u011fin halklar\u0131n devredilemez bir hukuki hakk\u0131 olarak de\u011fil; \u015farta ba\u011fl\u0131, ask\u0131ya al\u0131nabilir ve emperyal y\u00f6netime tabi bir imtiyaz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hadiselerin t\u0131rmand\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n; d\u0131\u015f tahakk\u00fcm, bor\u00e7 zorlamas\u0131, rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve askeri i\u015fgal tecr\u00fcbeleriyle \u015fekillenen uzun m\u00fcdahalecilik tarihi i\u00e7inde konumland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. 1902 Venezuela ablukas\u0131ndan Roosevelt Klericalar\u0131\u2019na (Roosevelt Corollary), Platt De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi\u2019nden 1989 Panama i\u015fgaline kadar; \u2018d\u00fczen\u2019, \u2018g\u00fcvenlik\u2019 ve \u2018kolluk faaliyeti\u2019 s\u00f6ylemleri, emperyal imtiyazlar\u0131 defaatle maskelemi\u015ftir. Drago ve Calvo doktrinleriyle \u015fekillenen ve bilahare Montevideo S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde aleni olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Latin Amerika uluslararas\u0131 hukuk gelene\u011fi; gambot diplomasisine, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n kuvvet yoluyla tahsiline ve harici m\u00fcdahalelere bir tepki olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n bug\u00fcn hedef al\u0131nmas\u0131, kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirme ve m\u00fccadelenin yan\u0131nda hukuki geli\u015fim yoluyla kendisini bir bar\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgesi olarak tan\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f bir co\u011frafyada, askeri zoru yeniden ola\u011fanla\u015ft\u0131rma giri\u015fimine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ya\u015fanan olaylar, s\u00f6zde &#8216;kurallara dayal\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin&#8217; tabakal\u0131 ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini teyit etmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen yeknesak i\u015flememektedir; bilakis uzun s\u00fcredir, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin zorlay\u0131c\u0131 kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru sahalar\u0131 muamelesi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, di\u011ferlerinin ise g\u00fc\u00e7 ve imtiyazla korundu\u011fu e\u015fitsiz bir \u015fiddet co\u011frafyas\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Venezuela \u015fu anda ilk kategoride konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uyu\u015fturucuyla m\u00fccadele, cezai kovu\u015fturma, b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fcvenlik veyahut stratejik kaynaklara eri\u015fim dahil olmak \u00fczere, beyan edilen veya edilmeyen hi\u00e7bir gerek\u00e7e dile getirilen ihlalleri hakl\u0131 k\u0131lamaz. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk; ister a\u00e7\u0131k askeri m\u00fcdahaleyle, ister ekonomik yapt\u0131r\u0131m ve askeri sindirme yoluyla olsun, zorla rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine izin vermez; keza i\u00e7 cezai yarg\u0131 yetkisinin tek tarafl\u0131 olarak d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na da m\u00fcsaade etmez. Do\u011fal kaynaklar \u00fczerinde daimi egemenlik ilkesi, kaynak zengini bir devlete kar\u015f\u0131 yasall\u0131k kisvesi alt\u0131nda (siyasi otoriteyi de yeniden dizayn etmek \u00fczere) zor kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011frudan ihlal edilmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6z\u00fcnde, ABD&#8217;nin tasvir edilen eylemleri, N\u00fcrnberg \u0130lkeleri ve m\u00fcteakip uluslararas\u0131 normlar uyar\u0131nca&nbsp; en a\u011f\u0131r uluslararas\u0131 su\u00e7lardan olan ve evrensel yarg\u0131 yetkisine tabi bulunan sald\u0131r\u0131 (<em>aggression<\/em>) fiillerini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bir devletin ba\u015fka bir devletin egemenli\u011fine, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 kuvvet kullanmay\u0131 planlamas\u0131, haz\u0131rlamas\u0131, ba\u015flatmas\u0131 veya icra etmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanan sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131nda yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve su\u00e7un nerede i\u015flendi\u011fine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n evrensel olarak kovu\u015fturulabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hukuki sonu\u00e7lar, do\u011frudan kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine uzanmaktad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131 bir askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn g\u00f6zalt\u0131s\u0131, tehdidi veya kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndayken ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, Venezuela ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen veya r\u0131za g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi iddia edilen herhangi bir m\u00fczakere, anla\u015fma veya siyasi d\u00fczenleme hukuken bat\u0131ld\u0131r ve yok h\u00fckm\u00fcndedir. Cebir alt\u0131nda al\u0131nan r\u0131zan\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011finin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukukun temel bir ilkesidir; bir devletin iradesi, bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda hareket eden bir temsilci arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hukuka uygun \u015fekilde beyan edilemeyece\u011fi gibi, halk\u0131na da bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler dayat\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WOLAS olarak, devlet sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011furan uluslararas\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 fiil (<em>internationally wrongful act<\/em>) niteli\u011findeki; sald\u0131r\u0131 eylemi (<em>act of aggression<\/em>) mahiyetinde olup kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 baltalayan, b\u00f6lgesel bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 tehlikeye atan ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuku dair umutlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran bu eylem silsilesini \u015fiddetle k\u0131n\u0131yoruz. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletleri, b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve d\u00fcnya genelindeki hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131; kolluk faaliyeti\/hukuki tenfiz k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131na sokulmu\u015f sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n normalle\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik direni\u015fe \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yoruz. \u015eayet BM \u015eart\u0131 sistemi hukuki anlam\u0131n\u0131 koruyacaksa, se\u00e7ici bir \u015fekilde uygulanamaz. Bug\u00fcn adaleti ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuku savunmak, yaln\u0131zca m\u00fcnferit ihlallerle de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu t\u00fcr sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir, tekrarlanabilir ve tahamm\u00fcl edilebilir k\u0131lan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yap\u0131larla da y\u00fczle\u015fmeyi gerektirmektedir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Venezuela H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sald\u0131rgan eylemler nedeniyle uluslararas\u0131 hukuka riayet etmeli ve bu fiillerden do\u011fan zararlar i\u00e7in gerekli tazminat\u0131 temin etmeli; en \u00f6nemlisi de, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin temel ilkeleri uyar\u0131nca Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 derh\u00e2l serbest b\u0131rakmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yery\u00fcz\u00fc Avukatlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan ABD\u2019nin Venezuela\u2019ya Y\u00f6nelik Sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Maduro\u2019nun Ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kamuoyu A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi, Venezuela topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ve Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6revdeki Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, nakledilmesi ve ABD g\u00f6zetiminde itham edilmesiyle vuku bulan son askeri sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r bir ihlalini te\u015fkil [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2831,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/1536x864_cmsv2_c3ee3117-8182-5431-99ae-1a5ea65da151-9600163-1.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2829","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2829"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2829\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2832,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2829\/revisions\/2832"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2831"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wolas.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}